FAQ

Gastric bypass is a bariatric operation in which the surgeon creates a small stomach pouch and connects it to the small intestine, bypassing most of the stomach and the first part of the intestine. It reduces how much you can eat at one time and changes gut hormones and absorption. These effects lead to significant and durable weight loss and improvement of obesity-related conditions.

Generally adults with BMI ≥40, or BMI ≥35 with obesity-related conditions (e.g., type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, hypertension) after attempts at medical treatment and lifestyle changes. Not suitable in untreated severe psychiatric illness, active substance abuse, inability to adhere to long-term follow-up, or certain high-risk surgical/anesthetic conditions. Individual evaluation is essential.

Typical excess-weight loss (EWL) averages ~60–75% within 12–18 months, with total body weight loss often ~25–35%. Many patients see remission or major improvement of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and sleep apnea. Results vary with adherence to nutrition, physical activity and follow-up.

Gastric bypass is performed under general anaesthesia, usually laparoscopically. The operation often takes 1–3 hours. Most patients stay 1–3 nights in hospital depending on recovery, pain control and ability to tolerate liquids. Early mobilisation is encouraged.

Early risks include bleeding, infection, blood clots, anastomotic leak or stricture, and anaesthesia complications. Later issues may include ulcers, internal hernia, gallstones, dumping syndrome, hypoglycaemia, diarrhoea/constipation, nutritional deficiencies, and weight regain if guidance is not followed. Your team will discuss your individual risk.

Pain and fatigue are common for a few days. Many patients return to non-physical work within 1–2 weeks; strenuous activity and heavy lifting are usually restricted for 4–6 weeks. Walking is encouraged early. Follow your surgeon’s specific instructions.

Diet advances in stages: clear liquids → full liquids → puréed/soft → regular textured, protein-focused meals. Eat slowly, small portions, chew well, avoid high-sugar/high-fat foods and carbonated drinks. Dumping syndrome is rapid gastric emptying causing palpitations, cramps, diarrhoea, dizziness after sugary meals; prevention is dietary pacing and composition.

Yes. Lifelong vitamin/mineral supplementation is required (typically multivitamin with iron, vitamin B12, calcium with vitamin D, and others as guided). Regular blood tests monitor for deficiencies. Scheduled follow-ups with the bariatric team, nutrition counselling and physical activity help maintain weight loss and health.

Gum surgery (periodontal surgery) includes several procedures used to treat advanced gum disease or to correct gum shape. Main types are: flap surgery to lift gums and clean deep tartar and infected tissue; gum grafts to cover exposed roots and thicken thin gums; crown lengthening to expose more tooth for restorations or to balance a gummy smile; and regenerative procedures to support bone and tissue regrowth. The goal is to reduce pockets, stabilise teeth, and improve function and appearance.

Surgery is considered when non surgical care (scaling and root planing, antibiotics, hygiene) cannot control deep pockets or progressive bone loss, when gums recede with sensitive exposed roots, when gum shape interferes with restorations, or when aesthetics such as a gummy smile need correction. Your periodontist decides after exam, X rays, and measurements.

Most gum procedures are performed with local anaesthesia in the clinic. Duration ranges from 30 to 120 minutes depending on the number of teeth and technique. You may hear gentle scraping or feel pressure, but you should not feel pain. Stitches may be placed and a protective dressing may be used.

Expect mild swelling, oozing, and tenderness for several days. Use prescribed pain control and antimicrobial rinse as directed. Eat soft foods at first, avoid very hot, hard, spicy, or carbonated items, and do not smoke. Keep the area clean without brushing directly on stitches until your dentist clears you. Most patients return to routine activity within a few days, with tissue stabilisation over two to four weeks.

Short term effects include swelling, pain, bleeding, temporary tooth sensitivity, and stitches that may feel rough. Less common complications are infection, prolonged bleeding, gum recession, changes in tooth spacing, or graft failure when a graft is used. Your periodontist reviews your medical history to minimise risk and explains warning signs that require urgent contact.

Yes. Grafting can cover selected exposed roots, reduce sensitivity, and make brushing more comfortable. Crown lengthening and contouring can even the gum line and reduce a gummy smile when indicated. Final appearance depends on your anatomy, smoking status, hygiene, and healing. Your specialist will define realistic goals.

Tell your clinician about all medicines and supplements. You may receive instructions about blood thinners, aspirin, or diabetes medicines. Do not smoke or vape because this delays healing and increases graft failure risk. Eat before local anaesthesia only as advised, and arrange transport if sedation is planned.

Stability depends on daily hygiene, regular professional cleanings, and control of risk factors such as smoking and diabetes. Many patients keep stable gums for years after surgery. Alternatives for milder disease include scaling and root planing, local antimicrobials, and laser assisted therapy. Your periodontist will discuss which option matches your case.

It is a soft balloon inside a capsule that you swallow during a clinic visit. Once the capsule reaches the stomach, its thin catheter is used to fill the balloon (about 550 mL) and its position is confirmed by X-ray. No surgery, endoscopy or anaesthesia is required. The balloon occupies space so you feel full with smaller portions, helping you change eating habits. After about 16 weeks, a release valve opens, the balloon deflates naturally and passes through the digestive tract.

Typically suitable for adults with a BMI ≥ 27 who seek a non-surgical, temporary aid to change eating behaviour. It is not suitable if you are pregnant or if you have had previous bariatric, gastric or esophageal surgery. Your clinician will also screen for other medical reasons that may make the balloon inappropriate.

Clinical studies of the swallowable balloon program report average total body weight loss of roughly 10–15% over the ~16-week balloon period, with many patients maintaining most of the loss at 12 months when behavioural changes continue. Individual results vary with adherence to the nutrition and coaching program.

It is designed to stay for about 16 weeks. A time-activated valve then opens, the balloon deflates and is naturally passed in the stool. No removal procedure is needed in most cases.

You swallow a capsule attached to a thin tube in the clinic. X-rays confirm stomach placement before and after filling (about 550 mL). The visit typically takes around 15 minutes and does not require sedation or endoscopy.

Common, short-term effects in the first days include nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, reflux and bloating. These usually improve with medication and dietary progression. Serious complications are uncommon but can include gastric ulcer, balloon intolerance requiring early removal, bowel obstruction or, rarely, pancreatitis or perforation. Your team will review your history to minimise risk and advise when to seek care.

Expect a staged diet: clear liquids at first, then full liquids, then soft/“fork-mashable” foods before returning to a balanced solid diet. Small, frequent meals; drink water regularly; avoid alcohol and very hot or very cold, spicy or carbonated items initially. Light activity usually resumes within a day or two; avoid intense exertion for several days. Your clinician will give a written plan.

Most intolerance settles with medication and diet adjustment. If severe or persistent symptoms occur, your team may recommend early removal; a small minority require endoscopic retrieval. Contact the clinic urgently if you have severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, fever, black stools or signs of obstruction.

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail that can cause thickening, discoloration, brittleness, and separation from the nail bed. It is confirmed by clinical exam and, when needed, lab tests such as KOH microscopy, fungal culture or PCR from nail scrapings to distinguish it from psoriasis or trauma.

Depending on severity and number of nails affected, options include medical debridement, topical antifungals, oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole), and laser or light-based adjuncts. Oral therapy has higher cure rates for toenails; topicals suit mild or superficial disease or when oral drugs are contraindicated.

Toenails grow slowly; treatment commonly lasts 3–6 months for oral drugs and longer for topicals, with full nailappearance taking 9–12 months as the nail grows out. Cure rates are higher with laboratory confirmation, proper dosing, nail care and footwear hygiene. Recurrence is possible and prevention matters.

Oral antifungals can interact with other medicines and, rarely, affect the liver. Your clinician will check your medical history and may request baseline and follow‑up blood tests when indicated. Do not start or stop medicines without guidance.

Keep feet dry, change socks daily, disinfect footwear/orthotics, avoid sharing nail tools, trim straight across and avoid aggressive pedicures. Treat athlete’s foot promptly. Consider antifungal sprays or powders for shoes as advised.

It covers surgical and non‑surgical options to improve contour, skin quality and symmetry: injectables (botulinum toxin, fillers), energy‑based devices (laser, RF, ultrasound), threads, chemical peels, microneedling/PRP, liposuction or fat transfer, facelift/necklift and eyelid surgery. A plan is customised to concerns, anatomy and downtime tolerance.

Candidates are healthy adults with realistic goals. Assessment includes history, medications, skin type, laxity, volume loss, bone structure and lifestyle. Photos may be taken. Smoking and uncontrolled conditions increase risk; some procedures are avoided during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Injectables often have minimal downtime (0–3 days of swelling or bruising). Energy devices and peels vary from no downtime to about 7 days. Surgery has longer recovery (2–4 weeks for social downtime). Longevity ranges from months (toxins), 6–18 months (fillers/threads), to years for surgical lifting, depending on ageing and habits.

Bruising, swelling, asymmetry and infection are possible. Specific risks include vascular compromise with fillers, burns or pigment changes with energy devices, scarring and nerve injury with surgery. Choosing qualified clinicians, sterile technique and proper aftercare reduce risk.

Avoid blood‑thinning drugs/supplements unless approved by your physician; stop smoking; use sun protection. Aftercare may include cold compresses, head elevation, antiseptics, gentle cleansing and avoiding heat/sauna or strenuous exercise as advised. Attend scheduled reviews.

Medical aesthetics comprises minimally invasive procedures that improve skin quality, contour and signs of ageing using prescription‑grade products or devices. They should be performed by licensed clinicians with specific training, using sterile technique and informed consent.

Botulinum toxin for dynamic lines; hyaluronic‑acid fillers for volume/contour; biostimulators; mesotherapy and PRP; chemical peels; microneedling; laser/IPL/RF/ultrasound for texture, pigment and laxity; medical skincare plans. The mix depends on goals and anatomy.

Most treatments provide gradual, natural‑looking improvement. Toxins act in 3–7 days and last 3–4 months; fillers show immediate effect with settling in 1–2 weeks and last 6–18 months; device‑based treatments often need 3–6 sessions spaced weeks apart. Maintenance is usually required.

Active skin infection, allergy to components, certain autoimmune or bleeding disorders, and pregnancy/breastfeeding for some procedures. Inform your clinician about all medicines (including anticoagulants and isotretinoin), past procedures and keloid tendency.

Temporary redness, swelling, tenderness and small bruises are common and usually resolve within days. Less common events depend on the procedure (e.g., vascular events with fillers, pigmentation changes with lasers). Follow aftercare and contact the clinic if unusual pain, blanching or visual symptoms occur.

Avoid alcohol and blood‑thinning supplements, arrange transport if sedation is used, arrive with clean skin and no makeup on the treated areas. Aftercare may include sun protection, gentle cleansing, moisturisers, avoiding heat/sauna and strenuous exercise, and attending follow‑ups.

It spans surgical and non‑surgical body‑contouring options such as liposuction, abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), arm/thigh lift, fat transfer, and energy‑based devices (RF, ultrasound, cryolipolysis). A personalised plan is made according to skin laxity, fat distribution, scars and downtime tolerance.

Healthy adults near a stable weight, with localised fat deposits or skin laxity, are candidates. Body‑contouring reshapes areas but is not a weight‑loss method. Goals are to improve proportion and fit of clothing; the scale number may change little.

Swelling and bruising are common for 1–2 weeks after surgery; compression garments are usually worn for 4–6 weeks. Non‑surgical methods have minimal downtime. Early contour changes are visible within weeks, with final results maturing over 3–6 months as swelling resolves and skin retracts.

Bleeding, infection, seroma, contour irregularities, numbness, thromboembolism (rare) and scarring with surgery; burns, pigment changes or uneven results with energy‑based devices. Choosing qualified clinicians, compression, mobilisation and aftercare reduce risk.

Stop smoking, maintain a stable weight, optimise nutrition and follow pre‑op instructions about medicines. Aftercare includes compression, early walking, lymphatic massage when advised, sun protection for scars and avoiding weight fluctuations. Healthy habits prolong results.

A composite veneer is a tooth‑coloured resin layer bonded to the front of the tooth to correct colour, small chips, gaps and minor misalignment. It is often completed in a single visit with minimal drilling and is repairable. Porcelain veneers require lab fabrication, more tooth preparation and have greater long‑term stain resistance and durability.

With good hygiene and routine dental care, composite veneers commonly last 4–7 years. Avoid biting on hard objects, nail‑biting and using teeth as tools. Maintain polishing, wear night‑guards when indicated and keep regular check‑ups and cleanings to manage staining or edge wear.

After shade selection and minimal surface preparation, the dentist layers and sculpts composite resin, then cures, shapes and polishes it. Many cases are painless and need only topical or no anaesthesia. The tooth structure is preserved compared with porcelain alternatives.

Composite can chip, stain over time and wear faster than porcelain, especially in heavy bite or bruxism. Edge integrity depends on technique and habits. Night‑guards, regular polishing and avoiding staining foods/smoking help longevity. Repairs are usually straightforward.

Composite suits minor to moderate corrections, lower cost, one‑visit turnaround and reversibility/repairability. Porcelain suits larger changes, greater stain‑resistance, longevity and stable gloss, at higher cost and with more tooth preparation. Your dentist will stage mock‑ups and explain trade‑offs.

A bone graft places natural or synthetic bone material to rebuild jawbone lost from periodontal disease, tooth extraction or trauma. It restores volume and density to support dental implants, stabilise teeth or improve ridge contour for function and aesthetics.

Options include autograft (patient’s own bone), allograft (donor human bone), xenograft (animal‑derived) and synthetic (alloplast) materials such as beta‑TCP or hydroxyapatite. Membranes and biologics (e.g., collagen, PRF/PRP) may be added to guide regeneration.

Common indications are socket preservation after extraction, sinus lift (maxillary sinus augmentation), ridge augmentation, periodontal defects and around dental implants. The choice depends on defect size, location, sinus anatomy and planned implant timing.

Soft‑tissue healing takes 2–4 weeks. Bone maturation varies by site and material: typically 3–6 months before implant placement or loading, longer for larger augmentations and sinus lifts. Your clinician evaluates by exam and imaging.

Risks include infection, swelling, graft exposure or loss, sinus complications (for sinus lift) and nerve injury (rare). Aftercare: avoid smoking, follow antibiotics/analgesics as prescribed, use antiseptic rinses, eat soft foods, do not disturb the site with fingers/tongue and keep review appointments.

Metal braces use stainless‑steel brackets and archwires to gradually move teeth into correct alignment. They are strong, efficient and suitable for simple to complex malocclusions. Elastic modules or self‑ligating clips hold the wire; adjustments are made periodically to guide tooth movement.

Total treatment usually lasts 12–24 months, depending on case complexity, growth, oral hygiene and appliance wear. Adjustments are typically scheduled every 4–8 weeks. Missed appointments and broken brackets may extend the timeline.

Mild pressure or soreness is common after placement and adjustments, improving in a few days. Prefer soft foods initially; avoid very hard, sticky or chewy items (nuts, hard candies, caramels) that can break brackets. Use orthodontic wax for irritation spots.

Brush after every meal using a soft brush angled around brackets and the gumline; add interdental brushes and floss threaders or water flossers to clean under the wire. Use fluoride toothpaste and consider fluoride mouthrinse. Good hygiene prevents decalcification and gum inflammation.

Risks include decalcification, gum inflammation, root resorption (usually minor), temporary jaw discomfort and appliance breakages. Alternatives include ceramic braces, lingual braces and clear aligners depending on case needs. Your orthodontist will explain trade‑offs.

A hybrid approach combines techniques (e.g., Sapphire FUE for efficient harvesting and DHI/CHOI implanters for dense, angle‑controlled placement) in different areas of the scalp. The goal is to optimise graft survival, density and natural direction while minimising trauma.

Candidates have a stable donor area and realistic expectations. The graft plan depends on age, pattern and calibre of hair, donor capacity and recipient area size. Typical sessions range from 2,000–4,000 grafts; mega‑sessions are case‑dependent and prioritise safety.

Local anaesthesia and, if needed, mild sedation are used. Grafts are harvested from the donor area, sorted and kept in appropriate solutions; channels are opened and grafts implanted with attention to angle, direction and density. The session lasts several hours depending on the count.

Redness and scabbing resolve in 7–10 days. Shedding (shock loss) of transplanted hairs occurs around weeks 2–8; new growth begins by months 3–4, with visible density building through months 6–12 and maturation up to 12–18 months. Follow aftercare strictly for best survival.

Risks include infection, swelling, prolonged redness, folliculitis, poor growth, unnatural angles, and donor depletion if overharvested. Survival improves with atraumatic handling, adequate hydration/cooling of grafts, precise placement, avoiding smoking and following washing/sleeping/medication instructions.

Sleeve gastrectomy removes about 75–80% of the stomach to reduce capacity and hunger hormones, helping sustained weight loss. Typical indications: BMI ≥40, or BMI 35–39.9 with obesity‑related conditions (e.g., type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnoea) after unsuccessful supervised lifestyle therapy.

A multidisciplinary assessment includes medical, nutritional and psychological evaluation, blood tests, imaging when indicated, endoscopy in selected cases and optimisation of comorbidities. Smoking cessation and pre‑operative weight loss may be advised to reduce risks.

Most patients lose 50–70% of excess body weight within 12–18 months, with rapid loss in the first 6 months and gradual slowing thereafter. Outcomes vary with adherence to diet, activity and follow‑up. Many obesity‑related conditions improve or remit.

Early risks include bleeding, leak from the staple line, infection, venous thromboembolism and anaesthesia events. Later issues may include reflux, strictures, nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, folate, vitamin D, calcium) and gallstones. Centres use protocols to minimise these risks.

A staged diet advances from clear liquids to purees, soft foods and then balanced solids over weeks. Lifelong vitamin/mineral supplementation is recommended (multivitamin with iron, B12, calcium citrate with vitamin D, and others as advised). Hydration, protein targets and regular labs are essential.

A shaving‑free transplant keeps existing hair length in visible areas. Limited, strategically concealed trimming is performed in the donor site. Techniques like FUE/DHI are used to extract and implant grafts while preserving hairstyle and minimising social downtime.

Best for patients needing small‑to‑moderate sessions, good donor density and who want discretion. Typical feasible ranges are ~1,000–2,500 grafts per session; larger cases may require staged procedures or partial trimming for efficiency and quality.

Under local anaesthesia, grafts are extracted from trimmed, concealed donor windows. Implanters or forceps place grafts between existing hairs following natural angles. Time varies with count and technique; sessions often last 4–8 hours.

Redness and small scabs resolve within 7–10 days. Temporary shedding of transplanted hairs may occur by weeks 2–8; new growth usually starts around months 3–4 and matures by 12–18 months. Camouflaging existing hair aids early aesthetics.

Potential risks include infection, prolonged redness, folliculitis, shock loss of native hair, poor growth if angles are wrong, and donor overharvesting. Adhering to aftercare, avoiding smoking and following washing/sleeping guidance reduce risks.

Orthodontics corrects malocclusions such as crowding, spacing, crossbite, overbite/overjet, underbite and dental rotations. Benefits include improved function, periodontal health, smile aesthetics and long‑term tooth stability.

Options include metal or ceramic fixed braces, lingual braces mounted on the inner surfaces, and clear aligners. Choice depends on case complexity, hygiene, speech considerations, aesthetics and patient preference.

Typical duration is 12–24 months, shorter or longer per complexity and cooperation. Reviews occur every 4–8 weeks for fixed appliances; clear aligner changes follow planned stages, often every 1–2 weeks with periodic checks.

Risks include enamel decalcification, gum inflammation, root resorption (usually mild), temporary discomfort, speech changes with lingual appliances and appliance breakages. Good hygiene, fluoride use and attending appointments minimise risk.

Brush after meals with a soft brush angled around brackets and gumline; add interdental brushes and floss threaders or a water flosser. Use fluoride toothpaste and consider fluoride mouthrinse. Diet should avoid very hard, sticky and sugary foods.

Selective photothermolysis targets melanin in the hair shaft and follicle, converting light to heat to disable growth. It is effective on dark hair; efficacy is lower on very light, grey or red hair. Device type and parameters are matched to skin phototype.

Hair grows in cycles; lasers act on the anagen phase. Most areas need 6–8 sessions spaced 4–8 weeks apart, sometimes more depending on area, hair density, hormones and device. Maintenance sessions may be required.

Avoid sun/solarium and self‑tanners for 2–4 weeks before; shave the area 24–48 hours prior; stop waxing/epilation 3–4 weeks earlier. After treatment avoid heat, sun exposure and perfumed products for 24–48 hours; use soothing emollients and broad‑spectrum SPF.

A brief sting or snap sensation is typical; cooling devices and contact gels improve comfort. Temporary redness and perifollicular swelling resolve within hours to a couple of days. Rare risks include burns, pigment changes, blisters or paradoxical hypertrichosis.

Lasers reduce active follicles long‑term, but hormonal factors, new follicles entering anagen and body area differences mean some regrowth is common. Dark coarse hair, lighter skin, proper fluence and adherence to schedule yield better reduction.

An ingrown toenail occurs when the nail edge grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, swelling and sometimes infection. Treatment is indicated for persistent pain, recurrent inflammation, discharge, or when home care (soaking, proper trimming, wider footwear) fails.

Conservative care includes warm water soaks, topical antiseptics, cotton/gauze lifts, and footwear adjustments. Procedures range from partial nail edge removal with local anaesthesia to partial matrixectomy (chemical or surgical) to reduce recurrence in chronic cases.

Local anaesthetic is used for procedures. Aftercare includes daily soaking, dressing changes, elevation for 24–48 hours and analgesics as needed. Most patients return to normal footwear in a few days; complete healing of the edge takes 2–4 weeks.

Possible risks are infection, delayed healing, excessive granulation tissue and nail deformity. Recurrence risk decreases with proper trimming (straight across), avoiding tight shoes, prompt treatment of early inflammation and matrixectomy in chronic recurrent cases.

Antibiotics are reserved for cases with clear infection or as directed by the clinician. Most patients can walk carefully the same day; strenuous activity should be limited for several days to reduce bleeding and discomfort.

Face aesthetics includes non‑surgical options such as botulinum toxin for dynamic lines, dermal fillers for volume/contour, skin boosters and mesotherapy for hydration, chemical peels, device‑based tightening (e.g., radiofrequency, ultrasound) and personalised skincare protocols.

Planning considers facial proportions, skin quality, age‑related changes and goals. Outcomes aim for natural harmony rather than overcorrection. Some results are immediate (fillers), while others build over weeks (collagen‑stimulating treatments); maintenance varies by modality and lifestyle.

Common temporary effects include redness, swelling, bruising and tenderness. Less common risks depend on the procedure (e.g., vascular occlusion with fillers, pigmentation changes with peels). Downtime ranges from minimal to several days; strict asepsis and experienced providers reduce risks.

Preparation may include avoiding blood‑thinning drugs/supplements, tanning and active skin irritation. Aftercare: gentle cleansing, sun protection (broad‑spectrum SPF), avoiding heat/alcohol/exercise for 24–48 hours post injectables, and following specific device/peel instructions.

Relative contraindications include active infection, uncontrolled systemic disease, pregnancy/breastfeeding (for many injectables), unrealistic expectations and body‑dysmorphic concerns. Alternatives include skincare optimisation, lifestyle modification and staged plans after medical clearance.

Root canal treatment removes inflamed or infected pulp tissue from inside the tooth, disinfects the canal system and seals it to prevent reinfection. It is indicated by deep decay, cracks, trauma or previous dental work leading to irreversible pulpitis or necrosis.

Under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation, canals are located, shaped and disinfected with irrigants; then obturated with gutta‑percha and sealer. Many cases finish in one visit; complex anatomies or infections may need 2–3 visits with medication between appointments.

Treatment relieves spontaneous pain, chewing sensitivity and swelling related to pulp infection. A feeling of pressure or mild soreness after appointments is common and usually subsides within a few days, managed with over‑the‑counter analgesics.

Risks include persistent infection, instrument separation, perforation, missed canals and fractures. With modern techniques, reported success is high (around 86–95%) when followed by a well‑sealed restoration or crown to prevent reinfection and fractures.

Avoid chewing on the treated tooth until the definitive restoration is placed. A cusp‑covering onlay or crown is often recommended for posterior teeth to reduce the risk of fracture. Maintain oral hygiene and attend follow‑up for radiographic review.

Ceramic braces use tooth‑coloured or translucent brackets that blend with teeth for a lower‑visibility appearance. They provide mechanics comparable to metal braces but may be slightly bulkier and more fragile; they are often combined with aesthetic archwires.

Suitable for adolescents and adults seeking a discreet fixed option. Duration is typically 12–24 months depending on case complexity, oral hygiene and appointment adherence.

Ceramic brackets themselves resist staining; however, elastic modules can discolour and are changed at visits. Ceramics are more brittle than metal, so avoiding very hard or sticky foods reduces the risk of bracket fracture or debonding.

Brush after meals with a soft brush angled around brackets, use interdental brushes and floss threaders or a water flosser, and apply fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse. Good hygiene prevents white‑spot lesions and gum inflammation.

Risks include bracket fracture, enamel decalcification, gum inflammation and root resorption (usually mild). Alternatives are metal braces, lingual braces and clear aligners depending on case needs and aesthetic priorities.

UltraShape is a non‑invasive body‑contouring treatment that uses focused pulsed ultrasound to selectively disrupt subcutaneous fat cells without heating surrounding tissues. The destroyed fat is processed by the body’s natural metabolic pathways.

Candidates are near a stable weight with localized fat resistant to diet and exercise. Typical protocols involve 3 sessions spaced 2–3 weeks apart; the exact number depends on area size and goals.

Circumference reduction becomes noticeable gradually, often from the second session onward, with continued improvement over several weeks as fat is cleared. UltraShape is not a weight‑loss method; it targets contour and stubborn bulges.

Most patients feel brief tingling or mild discomfort; no anaesthesia is needed. Downtime is minimal and routine activity resumes immediately. Uncommon effects include transient redness, bruising or nodules that resolve spontaneously.

Maintain stable weight, hydrate well and follow dietary guidance. Combine with physical activity to sustain results. Aftercare includes gentle massage if advised and avoiding new weight gain that can mask contour changes.

A porcelain crown is a full‑coverage restoration that protects and restores a tooth with extensive decay, cracks, wear, or after root‑canal treatment. It restores shape, function and aesthetics while distributing chewing forces.

Preparation includes shaping the tooth, taking impressions or scans, shade selection and placing a temporary crown. The final crown is fabricated in a lab or in‑office (CAD/CAM). Most cases require 2 visits; same‑day options exist with chairside milling.

Porcelain‑fused‑to‑metal (PFM), full zirconia, lithium‑disilicate (e.max) and layered ceramics differ in strength, translucency and wear on opposing teeth. Choice depends on tooth location, bite forces and aesthetic goals.

Potential risks include sensitivity, chipping, debonding and gum irritation if margins are poor. With proper hygiene and occlusal protection when indicated, crowns often last 10–15 years or longer.

Maintain meticulous brushing and interdental cleaning, use a night‑guard if you grind your teeth, avoid biting very hard objects and attend regular dental reviews to monitor fit and margins.

A callus is a diffuse thickening of skin from pressure or friction; a corn is a smaller, deeper plug that can press into nerve‑rich tissue and hurt more. Treatment is advised with pain, recurrent irritation, cracked skin or when self‑care (pumice, moisturisers, pressure relief) fails.

Options include sharp debridement by a clinician, off‑loading pads/orthoses, addressing underlying deformities, and keratolytics (e.g., urea, salicylic acid) when appropriate. Footwear assessment and pressure redistribution are central to lasting relief.

Use cushioned, wide‑toe footwear; keep skin moisturised with urea‑based creams; apply protective pads; trim nails straight; and manage contributing factors such as hammertoes or bunions with orthoses or referral as needed.

Keratolytics can help but are not for everyone. Avoid on broken/diabetic/neuropathic skin unless advised by a clinician. Overuse may cause burns. Professional evaluation is recommended if you have poor circulation or neuropathy.

Sharp debridement is usually quick and well‑tolerated; relief is often immediate. Mild soreness may occur for 24–48 hours. Footwear modification and pressure off‑loading are key to prevent symptoms from returning.

Lithium‑disilicate (e.max) ceramics provide high strength with superior translucency. Crowns offer full‑coverage for heavily restored or root‑treated teeth; laminate veneers preserve more enamel for aesthetic changes in shape, colour and minor alignment.

Planning includes smile analysis and mock‑ups. Minimal‑invasive preparation preserves enamel for veneers; full‑coverage reduction for crowns. Impressions/scans guide CAD/CAM or lab fabrication. A try‑in checks fit/shade before adhesive cementation under isolation.

Advantages: aesthetics, strength, enamel bonding and longevity. Limitations: risk of chipping under heavy bruxism, need for adequate enamel/dentin support, and careful occlusal planning. Night‑guards are recommended for clenchers/grinders.

With proper hygiene, controlled bite forces and regular check‑ups, e.max restorations often last 10–15+ years. Care includes interdental cleaning, non‑abrasive toothpaste, avoiding very hard objects and using a night‑guard if indicated.

Veneers are not fully reversible due to enamel reduction; crowns involve more reduction. Alternatives include direct composite bonding, whitening, orthodontics or zirconia/metal‑ceramic crowns depending on function and aesthetics.

A gastric balloon is a temporary, endoscopically placed or swallowable device that occupies stomach volume to promote earlier satiety. It is intended for adults with excess weight who need support for lifestyle change and who do not qualify for, or wish to avoid, surgery.

Depending on the system, placement is via endoscopy under sedation or by swallowing a capsule attached to a thin catheter under X‑ray. Most balloons remain 4–12 months and are then removed endoscopically or naturally deflate and pass when designed to do so.

Average excess‑weight loss varies by program adherence, balloon type and starting BMI. Many patients achieve meaningful reductions during treatment; lasting success depends on sustained dietary changes, activity and behavioural support from a multidisciplinary team.

Early nausea, vomiting and cramping are common in the first days as the stomach adapts; medications help. Less common risks include reflux, dehydration, balloon deflation, obstruction, ulcers or perforation. Close follow‑up reduces complications.

The balloon is a tool; success relies on a structured program with dietary coaching, gradual activity increase, behavioural strategies and medical reviews. After removal, continuing the plan is essential to maintain weight changes.

In‑office whitening uses clinically controlled concentrations of peroxide gels applied by a clinician with isolation of gums and soft tissues. It delivers faster, more predictable lightening versus over‑the‑counter kits, which have lower strengths and less control over application.

Whitening stability varies by diet (coffee, tea, red wine), smoking, oral hygiene and enamel thickness. With good habits and occasional touch‑ups, many patients maintain shade improvements for 12–24 months or longer.

When performed correctly, whitening does not remove enamel. Temporary sensitivity or gum irritation can occur and is managed with desensitising agents, adjusted exposure times and careful soft‑tissue isolation.

Active cavities, gum disease, cracked teeth, untreated sensitivity, pregnancy/breast‑feeding and heavy smokers may need to postpone or modify treatment. Intrinsic discolorations (e.g., tetracycline) may require alternative or combined approaches.

Avoid strong pigments for 24–48 hours (‘white‑diet’), use fluoridated toothpaste, limit tobacco and staining drinks, and schedule touch‑ups as advised. Sensitivity typically subsides within a few days.

ND:YAG (1064 nm) targets hair follicles at a wavelength that penetrates deeper and is less absorbed by epidermal melanin, making it suitable for darker skin tones and tanned skin compared with shorter‑wavelength systems.

Because laser targets follicles in the active (anagen) phase, multiple sessions are required. Typical protocols involve 6–8 sessions spaced 4–8 weeks apart depending on the body area and hair cycle.

Patients describe brief snaps or heat; cooling devices and proper settings improve comfort. Downtime is minimal—transient redness or perifollicular oedema may appear for hours. Avoid heat, sun exposure and active irritants for 24–48 hours.

Absolute contraindications include active infection, open wounds, photosensitising medications and recent tanning. Caution with hormonal disorders, light hair colours (limited response) and history of keloids. Test spots and medical review are recommended.

Use broad‑spectrum SPF, avoid sunbathing and hot environments for 48 hours, don’t pluck/wax between sessions (shaving is allowed), and follow the session schedule. Report blistering or pigment changes promptly for assessment.

Facial mesotherapy involves micro‑injections of tailored blends (e.g., hyaluronic acid, vitamins, peptides) into the superficial dermis to improve hydration, fine lines, tone and luminosity. It complements skincare; it is not a substitute for fillers or surgery.

Protocols commonly include 3–6 sessions spaced 2–4 weeks apart, followed by maintenance every 3–6 months. Many notice improved glow and hydration after the first sessions, with cumulative benefits over the course.

Mild redness, small bumps, pinpoint bruising and tenderness at injection sites are common and settle within 24–72 hours. Makeup can typically be applied the next day; avoid heat, intense exercise and alcohol for 24 hours.

Active skin infection, uncontrolled dermatologic disease, pregnancy/breast‑feeding and known allergies to ingredients are typical contraindications. A patch test or ingredient review may be considered for sensitive patients.

Hydrate well, use gentle cleansers, daily broad‑spectrum SPF and avoid aggressive actives for 3–5 days. Mesotherapy can be combined with peels, needling or energy‑based devices in staged plans, respecting adequate intervals to limit irritation.

Hair mesotherapy delivers micro‑injections of tailored blends (e.g., vitamins, peptides, minerals, hyaluronic acid) into the scalp to support follicle metabolism and microcirculation. It is considered for diffuse thinning, telogen effluvium and early androgenic alopecia.

Common protocols: 4–6 sessions spaced 1–2 weeks initially, then maintenance every 4–8 weeks. Patients notice reduced shedding in weeks and gradual density/quality improvements over 2–6 months.

Transient tenderness, redness, small bumps and pinpoint bruising are common. Contraindications: active scalp infection, uncontrolled dermatologic disease, pregnancy/breastfeeding and known allergy to ingredients.

Mesotherapy can complement PRP, low‑level laser therapy and medical treatments (minoxidil, finasteride when indicated). Plans are individualized; spacing reduces cumulative irritation.

Rhinoplasty reshapes nasal structures (bone, cartilage, soft tissue) to improve proportions, breathing or both. Corrections may address dorsal hump, tip refinement, width, asymmetry and septal deviations.

Open rhinoplasty uses a small columellar incision for greater visibility; closed uses intranasal incisions with no external scar. Choice depends on anatomy, goals and need for grafting/precision.

Initial swelling and bruising peak at 48–72 hours, with splints typically removed at 5–7 days. Most daily activities resume in 1–2 weeks; contact sports and glasses on the nasal bridge are restricted for several weeks.

Risks include bleeding, infection, asymmetry, changes in sensation, breathing difficulty and need for revision. Careful planning and adherence to postoperative instructions reduce complications.

A hair transplant relocates follicles from a permanent donor area to thinning/bald areas. Main techniques: FUE (follicular unit excision) and FUT (strip). FUE extracts individual units; FUT removes a strip and dissects under microscope.

Candidacy depends on stable pattern hair loss, adequate donor density, scalp laxity and expectations. Graft numbers are limited by donor availability and safe extraction density to avoid overharvesting.

Tiny crusts shed within 7–14 days. Transplanted hairs often shed at 2–8 weeks (shock loss) and regrow from month 3–4, with maturation up to 12–18 months.

Risks include bleeding, infection, poor growth, shock loss and unnatural hairline if planned poorly. Aftercare: sleep with head elevated, avoid trauma, follow washing protocol, protect from sun and avoid strenuous exercise for 10–14 days.

Composite fillings are tooth‑colored resin‑based restorations bonded to enamel and dentin. They are indicated for small to medium cavities, fractured edges, cervical lesions and aesthetic repairs on anterior teeth.

After local anaesthesia if needed, decayed tissue is removed, the tooth is etched, adhesive applied, and composite placed in layers and light‑cured. Patients feel pressure or vibration; pain is uncommon with proper anaesthesia.

Longevity is typically 5–8 years or more with good hygiene, regular checkups and occlusal protection if grinding. Avoid biting hard objects and extreme temperature changes immediately after placement.

Composites can be used posteriorly, but very large cavities or heavy occlusal loads may benefit from onlays/inlays or crowns. The dentist will evaluate remaining tooth structure and functional demands.

Temporary sensitivity to cold or bite pressure for days to a few weeks is common as the nerve adapts. Persistent pain, spontaneous ache or prolonged hot sensitivity warrants evaluation.

Gingivitis is gum inflammation limited to soft tissue and is reversible with hygiene. Periodontitis involves loss of supporting bone/ligament, pocket formation and can lead to tooth mobility or loss.

Diagnosis combines probing pocket depths, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, mobility and radiographs to assess bone levels. Risk factors (smoking, diabetes) are also recorded.

Initial therapy includes scaling and root planing with oral‑hygiene instruction and risk control. Re‑evaluation guides need for adjunctive antimicrobials, regenerative procedures or periodontal surgery.

Supportive periodontal care every 3–6 months with plaque control, pocket monitoring and risk management reduces recurrence. Smoking cessation and glycaemic control are critical adjuncts.

Persistent bleeding, bad breath, gum recession, tooth mobility, swelling or painful chewing suggest active disease and warrant earlier assessment.

Non‑surgical body contouring uses energy‑based or mechanical technologies to reduce localized fat or firm tissues (e.g., cryolipolysis, radiofrequency, HIFU, electromagnetic stimulation). Best for patients near ideal weight with stubborn areas, not a weight‑loss method.

Most protocols involve 1–4 sessions per area depending on technology and thickness. Early changes may appear in weeks, with maximal contour improvement over 2–3 months as the body clears fat or remodels collagen.

Temporary redness, swelling, numbness, bruising or soreness can occur depending on modality. Contraindications include pregnancy, implanted electronic devices, active infection or hernia in the treatment area.

Stay hydrated, avoid heavy meals and alcohol before sessions, and follow device‑specific guidance. After treatment, massage (if advised), maintain activity, and use compression when indicated to aid lymphatic drainage.

No. These treatments refine shape but do not address visceral fat or major laxity. Healthy nutrition, training and, when appropriate, surgical options (e.g., liposuction, abdominoplasty) remain necessary for selected goals.

A dental implant is a titanium or zirconia fixture placed in the jawbone to replace a missing tooth root. It supports a crown, bridge or denture. Indicated for single or multiple tooth loss with adequate bone and healthy gums.

After evaluation and planning, the fixture is placed under local anaesthesia. Osseointegration typically takes 8–12 weeks in the mandible and 12–16 weeks in the maxilla, after which an abutment and crown are fitted.

Five‑year success rates commonly exceed 90–95% with proper case selection. Risk factors: smoking, uncontrolled diabetes, poor oral hygiene, insufficient bone volume and parafunction (bruxism) without protection.

Professional hygiene every 3–6 months, meticulous brushing/interdental cleaning and night guard when indicated. Early management of peri‑implant mucositis prevents progression to peri‑implantitis.

Common options include composite resin, glass ionomer and amalgam (where applicable). Selection depends on cavity size/location, moisture control, aesthetics, caries risk and bite forces.

The decayed tissue is removed, the cavity is prepared and isolated, then the material is placed according to its protocol. Single‑surface fillings often take 20–40 minutes; complex restorations may take longer.

Longevity varies by material, technique, bite forces and hygiene. Composites often last 5–8+ years; glass ionomers less in high‑load areas; indirect restorations may be considered for very large defects.

Mild cold sensitivity or bite tenderness for days to a few weeks is common. Persistent spontaneous pain, fracture, marginal discoloration or food trapping warrants evaluation.

A sinus lift (maxillary sinus floor elevation) increases available bone height in the posterior upper jaw by lifting the sinus membrane and placing graft material, enabling future implant placement.

The lateral window approach is used for greater augmentation when residual bone height is limited. The crestal (osteotome) approach suits modest elevations when several millimetres of native bone remain.

Healing after augmentation usually takes 4–9 months depending on graft type and baseline bone. Implants may be placed simultaneously in selected cases or in a second stage after consolidation.

Risks include sinus membrane perforation, graft infection, bleeding, postoperative sinusitis and graft loss. Preoperative imaging, atraumatic technique, prophylaxis when indicated and careful aftercare reduce complications.

Avoid nose blowing, sneezing with mouth closed, flying and strenuous exercise for the first days. Use saline rinses as advised, maintain oral hygiene and attend follow‑up to monitor graft integration.

A laminate veneer is an ultra‑thin porcelain or composite shell bonded to the front surface of a tooth to improve color, shape and minor alignment. It is recommended for discoloration, small chips, gaps (diastemas) and shape harmonization when enamel is adequate.

Conservative preparation typically removes 0.2–0.7 mm of enamel. No‑prep options exist in selected cases. Because enamel is altered, veneers are not considered reversible; future replacement may be needed.

Porcelain veneers often last 10–15 years or more with proper hygiene, occlusal protection and avoidance of parafunctions. Failures relate to debonding, chipping and secondary caries; regular reviews are essential.

Risks include transient sensitivity, edge chipping and gum inflammation if hygiene is poor. Care: soft toothbrush, non‑abrasive toothpaste, flossing, mouthguard for grinding and avoiding biting hard objects.

Options include medical therapy (minoxidil, finasteride/dutasteride where indicated), PRP (platelet‑rich plasma), mesotherapy, low‑level laser therapy and scalp care protocols. Selection depends on diagnosis (androgenic alopecia, telogen effluvium) and patient goals.

Medical therapy often needs 3–6 months for visible change. PRP/mesotherapy are done in sessions (e.g., monthly initially) with maintenance. Combination plans are common to target multiple pathways while spacing sessions to reduce irritation.

Topicals may irritate the scalp; oral anti‑androgens require medical supervision and are contraindicated in pregnancy. PRP/mesotherapy can cause transient tenderness or bruising. A thorough evaluation tailors options and screens contraindications.

Baseline photos and trichoscopy help quantify density and miniaturization. If medical/adjunctive therapy stabilizes shedding but coverage remains insufficient, surgical options (FUE/FUT) may be considered depending on donor supply and goals.

Composite bonding uses tooth‑colored resin sculpted directly on teeth to correct chips, worn edges, small gaps and shape discrepancies. It is minimally invasive and often completed in a single visit.

Well‑finished bonding can last 3–7 years or more. It is more prone to staining and chipping than ceramics. Maintenance: good hygiene, polishing at recalls, avoid biting hard objects and consider a night guard if grinding.

Usually no or minimal enamel preparation. The tooth is etched, adhesive applied and composite layered and light‑cured, then shaped and polished. Local anaesthesia is rarely necessary unless sensitivity is expected.

For large structural changes, heavy bite forces or high aesthetic stability, ceramic veneers/onlays or crowns may be more durable and color‑stable. The choice depends on defect size, occlusion and expectations.

An inlay is an indirect restoration fabricated in a lab (ceramic or composite) and bonded into the cavity. It is preferred for medium to large cavities with intact cusps, when superior contact, fit and wear resistance are desired.

Visit 1: decay removal, precise preparation, impression or scan, temporary filling. Visit 2: try‑in, occlusion check and adhesive cementation. Digital CAD/CAM may allow same‑day delivery in selected cases.

Pressed or milled ceramics provide excellent aesthetics and wear; composite inlays are more forgiving to opposing enamel and easier to repair. Choice depends on cavity size, bite forces and aesthetic demands.

With proper hygiene and occlusal control, inlays often last 10+ years. Avoid chewing very hard objects, use interdental cleaning and attend routine reviews for polishing and margin checks.

Symptoms such as persistent sensitivity, marginal staining, crack lines, food trapping, debonding or recurrent decay should be assessed to repair or replace the inlay as needed.

Body aesthetics covers surgical and non‑surgical procedures aimed at reshaping or tightening body areas—liposuction, abdominoplasty, lift procedures, and energy‑based devices. Candidates are healthy individuals with realistic expectations and stable weight.

Aesthetic procedures address subcutaneous fat and skin laxity in localized areas; they do not treat visceral fat or replace lifestyle changes. Weight loss depends on calorie balance; procedures refine contour rather than reduce overall weight.

Assessment includes BMI, fat distribution, skin quality, muscle tone and medical history. Plans may combine liposuction with skin tightening or non‑surgical devices, staged over months to optimize safety and recovery.

Non‑surgical treatments have minimal downtime (hours to 1–2 days). Liposuction recovery is usually 1–2 weeks for routine activities with compression garments; full resolution of swelling may take weeks to months.

Discuss bruising, swelling, contour irregularities, seroma, infection or anesthesia risks for surgery. Aftercare often includes compression, lymphatic drainage, early ambulation and follow‑ups to monitor healing.

Alexandrite lasers (755 nm) target melanin in the hair follicle. Ideal candidates have light to medium skin tones (Fitzpatrick I–III) with dark hair. Very light, gray or red hair responds poorly due to low melanin.

Hair grows in cycles; multiple sessions are required to target follicles in the anagen phase. Typical protocols include 6–8 sessions, spaced 4–6 weeks for face and 6–8 weeks for body areas.

Avoid tanning, waxing and depilatory creams 2–4 weeks prior; shave 24–48 h before. After treatment, cool the area, use fragrance‑free emollients and SPF 30+, and avoid heat/sun for 48–72 h.

Common effects are transient redness and perifollicular edema. Rare risks include burns, pigment changes and scarring. Contraindications: active infection, recent isotretinoin use, pregnancy and photosensitive disorders.

An eyebrow transplant relocates hair follicles (usually FUE from the scalp) to restore density or shape after over‑plucking, scarring or congenital sparsity. Candidates need adequate donor hair and healthy skin in the recipient area.

Under local anaesthesia, grafts are harvested and implanted at precise angles to mimic natural hair direction. Crusting resolves in 7–10 days; non‑strenuous activity resumes quickly, with shedding at weeks 2–4 and regrowth from months 3–4.

Eyebrow sessions typically use 150–400 grafts per brow depending on goals. Because scalp hair grows longer than native eyebrow hair, periodic trimming and styling are needed for a natural look.

Potential issues include asymmetry, misdirection of hairs, scarring at donor/recipient sites, infection or cysts from buried grafts. Careful planning of angles, density and aftercare reduces complications.

Gum care ranges from gingivitis (gum inflammation) to periodontitis (loss of supporting bone). Treatments include professional cleaning, root planing, antimicrobial therapy and, when needed, surgical regeneration.

Diagnosis is based on probing depths, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and radiographic bone levels. Staging (I–IV) and grading (A–C) guide therapy intensity and recall intervals.

Scaling and root planing under local anaesthesia removes plaque and calculus from pockets. Adjuncts may include local antibiotics, antiseptic rinses and bite adjustments. Re‑evaluation at 6–12 weeks assesses response.

Surgery is considered for persistent deep pockets, furcation involvement or defects suitable for regeneration. Procedures include flap surgery, osseous recontouring, guided tissue regeneration and soft‑tissue grafting.

Supportive periodontal care every 3–4 months with professional cleaning, reinforcement of home hygiene and risk control (smoking, diabetes) is critical to prevent recurrence.

Soprano systems use diode laser (commonly 810 nm, multi‑wavelength variants exist) with SHR (Super Hair Removal) in‑motion technique. Low‑fluence, high‑repetition passes gradually heat follicles while integrated cooling improves comfort.

Suitable across a broad range of skin types, including darker phototypes with appropriate parameters. Expect 6–8 sessions per area, 4–6 weeks apart for face and 6–8 weeks for body, with maintenance if regrowth occurs.

Avoid waxing, plucking and sun exposure 2–4 weeks before; shave 24–48 h prior. After treatment, cool the area, moisturize with fragrance‑free products, use SPF 30+ and avoid heat/sun for 48–72 h.

Transient redness and warmth are common; pigment changes and burns are rare with correct settings. Contraindications include active infection, photosensitizing drugs, pregnancy and recent tanning.

Follicular units are harvested (usually FUE from the occipital scalp) and implanted into beard or moustache areas to correct gaps or scarring. Candidates should have adequate donor supply and realistic expectations.

Design respects natural growth directions and ethnic patterns. Under local anaesthesia, grafts are harvested and placed with fine incisions at low angles to mimic native hair. Session size varies (1000–2500+ grafts) depending on coverage.

Crusting subsides in 7–10 days. Shedding occurs at 2–4 weeks; regrowth starts around months 3–4 and matures by 9–12 months. Trimming and shaping are needed as transplanted scalp hairs grow longer.

Potential complications include folliculitis, ingrown hairs, asymmetry, scarring and cysts. Proper hygiene, avoiding friction, adhering to aftercare and timely follow‑ups reduce risks.

Liposuction is a body‑contouring procedure that removes localized subcutaneous fat; it does not treat visceral fat or replace diet and exercise. Ideal candidates are near stable goal weight with good skin quality.

Conventional suction‑assisted, power‑assisted (PAL) and energy‑assisted (ultrasound, laser, radiofrequency) methods exist. Selection depends on area, fat volume, skin quality and surgeon preference.

Compression garments are worn for 2–6 weeks. Bruising and swelling peak early and improve over weeks; contour refines over 3–6 months as edema resolves and tissues adapt.

Risks include contour irregularities, seroma, infection, thrombosis and anesthesia‑related events. Risk reduction: pre‑op evaluation, proper fluid management, compression therapy, early ambulation and follow‑up.

Removed fat cells do not regenerate, but remaining cells can hypertrophy with weight gain. Maintaining stable weight and lifestyle preserves results; untreated areas may change proportionally with weight fluctuations.

Lingual braces are fixed appliances bonded to the inner (lingual) surfaces of teeth, providing invisible treatment from the outside. They suit adults or teens seeking aesthetics, with crowding, spacing or bite issues that require fixed control.

Treatment duration is similar to labial braces (often 12–24 months). A transient lisp and tongue irritation can occur during adaptation (1–3 weeks). Soft diet initially helps; speech exercises speed adjustment.

Excellent oral hygiene is essential: interdental brushes, tongue‑side floss aids and high‑fluoride toothpaste. Avoid very hard/sticky foods (caramels, nuts, ice) that can debond brackets.

Lingual appliances offer true invisibility and strong control of tooth movements; they may be less comfortable initially and require experienced clinicians. Aligners are removable but may need attachments and compliance; labial braces are more accessible.

Common issues include tongue ulcers, detached brackets or poking wires; relief wax, smoothing and urgent fixes solve most cases. Root resorption and decalcification are rare with good hygiene and monitoring.

A dental implant is a titanium or ceramic fixture placed in the jaw to replace a missing tooth root and support a crown, bridge or denture. Indicated for single or multiple tooth loss when bone and systemic conditions permit.

Typical steps: assessment and 3D imaging, extraction if needed, bone graft/sinus lift when indicated, implant placement, 2–4 months of osseointegration (longer in grafted sites), then abutment and crown. Immediate loading is possible in selected cases.

Candidates require adequate bone volume or grafting options, good oral hygiene and controlled systemic conditions. Smoking, uncontrolled diabetes, bruxism and poor plaque control increase complications and peri‑implantitis risk.

Most placements are done under local anaesthesia; postoperative swelling and soreness peak in 48–72 h and subside over a week. Ice, prescribed analgesics and soft diet help. Sutures are usually removed after 7–10 days if non‑resorbable.

Brush twice daily, use interdental cleaning and regular professional maintenance. Warning signs: bleeding, swelling, bad taste or mobility. Early management prevents progression from mucositis to peri‑implantitis.

Indications include pain, recurrent infection, caries or resorption of adjacent teeth, cysts, orthodontic needs or prevention of complications. Asymptomatic teeth are evaluated individually with clinical and radiographic criteria.

Under local anaesthesia with or without sedation, a small incision and bone removal expose the tooth, which is sectioned if needed and extracted. Sutures are placed; instructions cover cold packs, diet and oral hygiene.

Swelling peaks at 48–72 h and improves over a week. Possible complications include dry socket, bleeding, infection or nerve injury (especially lower wisdom teeth). Analgesics, mouthrinses and follow‑up reduce risks.

Bite on gauze for haemostasis, apply cold packs intermittently for 24–48 h, sleep with head elevated, avoid smoking and straws, eat soft/cool foods and begin gentle rinses after 24 h as advised. Keep the area clean without disturbing the clot.

Seek advice in case of persistent bleeding beyond 24 h, fever, spreading swelling, numbness that does not improve, or severe pain unrelieved by prescribed medication.

Schwarzy is a high‑intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) technology that induces supramaximal muscle contractions not achievable voluntarily. These contractions stimulate hypertrophy and can increase local muscle tone while modestly reducing subcutaneous fat via increased metabolic demand.

Suitable for individuals near normal or moderately elevated BMI who want abdominal, gluteal or thigh muscle definition. Typical protocols include 4–6 sessions over 2–3 weeks, with each session lasting ~20–30 minutes.

Patients feel powerful rhythmic contractions with adjustable intensity. Mild muscle fatigue or soreness can occur for 24–48 hours. No anaesthesia or recovery time is required; normal activities resume immediately.

Contraindications include pregnancy, active metal implants or pacemakers in the treatment area, uncontrolled epilepsy or recent surgery. Side effects are usually limited to transient muscle soreness or skin redness.

Roux‑en‑Y gastric bypass creates a small stomach pouch and reroutes a segment of small intestine, limiting intake and absorption. Candidates typically have BMI ≥40 or ≥35 with obesity‑related conditions after unsuccessful conservative measures.

Average excess‑weight loss is often 60–80% at 12–18 months. Many patients see improvement or remission of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea and dyslipidemia, alongside better mobility and quality of life.

Early risks: bleeding, leaks, pulmonary embolism. Long‑term: strictures, internal hernias, dumping syndrome and nutritional deficiencies. Risk mitigation includes experienced surgical teams, VTE prophylaxis, leak tests and structured follow‑up.

Lifelong vitamin/mineral supplementation (multivitamin with iron, B12, calcium citrate with vitamin D, plus others as indicated) and high‑protein, small‑portion meals are essential. Regular labs monitor deficiencies and weight trajectory.

Typical schedule: 1–2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, then annually. Seek care for severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, signs of dehydration, tachycardia, fever or black stools.

Endodontic therapy removes infected or inflamed pulp from inside the tooth, disinfects the canal system and seals it to prevent reinfection. It is indicated for deep decay, cracks, trauma or pain to heat/cold and chewing.

With modern local anaesthesia most procedures are comfortable. Many cases are completed in a single visit; complex anatomy or acute infection may require 2–3 visits including medication between sessions.

Mild tenderness is common for a few days. A definitive restoration is essential to seal the tooth; posterior teeth often require a crown to prevent fracture, especially when large portions are missing.

Risks include persistent infection, missed canals, instrument separation or root fracture. With proper technique, success rates are high (often >85–90%). Follow‑up and good oral hygiene improve outcomes.

A registered dietitian assesses medical history, labs, body composition and lifestyle to set specific calorie and macronutrient targets. The plan includes meal structure, shopping and substitution guides, and behavior strategies.

Plans are adapted for diabetes, thyroid disorders, PCOS, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Medication interactions (e.g., anticoagulants with vitamin K) and special needs (pregnancy, elderly) are reviewed.

Regular follow‑ups track weight, measurements, symptoms and adherence. Adjustments are made to improve satiety, energy and lab markers. Messaging or group sessions may be used for accountability.

Plateaus are common as metabolism adapts. Strategies include protein prioritization, fiber and hydration, resistance training, sleep optimization and step‑wise calorie or macro adjustments.

Safe average loss is 0.5–1.0 kg per week, with variability by baseline, adherence and medical factors. Non‑scale outcomes—energy, labs, fitness and relationship with food—are tracked equally.

A soft balloon in a capsule is swallowed and positioned in the stomach under X‑ray; it is then filled with fluid/air via a thin catheter that is removed. No endoscopy or anaesthesia is typically required.

Suitable for BMI ~27–35 when lifestyle alone is insufficient. Average total body weight loss ranges 7–15% over 3–6 months with structured nutrition and behavior support.

Early nausea, cramping and reflux are common in the first days and are controlled with anti‑emetics, antispasmodics and PPIs. Hydration, small frequent meals and gradual diet progression help adaptation.

Depending on model, the balloon self‑empties and passes naturally around 3–4 months, or is deflated and removed endoscopically. A follow‑up plan consolidates habits to maintain weight loss.

A structured program transitions from liquids to soft foods, then balanced solid meals with adequate protein and hydration. Mindful eating, activity goals and behavior coaching are key for durable results.

Low‑level laser therapy uses specific wavelengths (commonly red/near‑infrared 630–680 nm or 800–860 nm) at low energy to stimulate follicle metabolism, prolong anagen phase and improve scalp microcirculation. It is non‑invasive and painless.

Best evidence is in androgenetic alopecia (male/female pattern hair loss) of mild‑to‑moderate degree. Results typically show reduced shedding after 6–8 weeks and density/shaft‑thickness gains over 3–6 months with continued use.

Typical protocols use 2–4 sessions per week, 10–20 minutes per area, for at least 3 months. LLLT is often combined with topical minoxidil, oral agents (as indicated) and procedures like PRP or mesotherapy to enhance outcomes.

LLLT is well‑tolerated; occasional scalp warmth or mild erythema may occur. Contraindications include photosensitivity disorders and concurrent photosensitizing medications. Eye protection is used per device instructions.

Baseline and follow‑up photos, shedding counts and trichoscopy help track response. If no benefit at 4–6 months, pause or adjust protocol and reassess overall hair‑loss plan with the clinician.

Aligners treat crowding, spacing and many bite discrepancies (overjet/overbite, crossbite) in mild‑to‑moderate cases. Complex skeletal problems may need fixed appliances or surgery; an orthodontic evaluation determines eligibility.

Most cases take 6–18 months. Aligners must be worn 20–22 hours per day and changed every 1–2 weeks as directed. Attachments and interproximal reduction (IPR) are often used to achieve precise movements.

Advantages: aesthetics, removability for meals/hygiene, fewer emergencies. Limitations: require strict compliance; large rotations, extrusions or severe discrepancies may be less predictable than with fixed appliances.

Visits every 6–10 weeks check fit, hygiene and attachments; new aligners are delivered and refinements planned if needed. Digital scans and photos track movement accuracy and patient compliance.

Common issues: poor tracking, lost aligners, attachments debonding or discomfort. Solutions include chewies and wear‑time optimization, ordering replacements, rebonding attachments and targeted refinements.

A mechanized vacuum‑roller massage acts on skin and subcutaneous tissue to improve lymphatic flow, mobilize fibrous septa and smooth the appearance of cellulite while aiding local circulation and edema reduction.

Protocols vary, commonly 2 sessions per week for 3–6 weeks, then maintenance. Many notice lightness and improved skin texture after a few sessions; visible smoothing typically develops by weeks 3–6.

LPG is not a fat‑removal surgery nor a primary weight‑loss method. It is a non‑invasive technique for tissue mobilization and cellulite appearance. Liposuction surgically removes fat; LPG can complement post‑liposuction recovery per surgeon advice.

Hydrate well, avoid heavy meals right before, and wear the specific suit/garments if provided. After sessions, maintain hydration, light activity and follow any guidance on combining with exercise and nutrition programs.

Contraindications include active infection/inflammation of treated skin, uncontrolled varicose veins, anticoagulation disorders, pregnancy for abdominal areas and recent surgery without medical clearance. Side effects are usually mild redness or transient tenderness.

It delivers repetitive low‑fluence pulses while the handpiece moves, gradually heating follicles for epilation with reduced discomfort versus static shots.

Most areas require 6–8 sessions spaced 4–8 weeks apart due to hair growth cycles. Maintenance may be needed annually.

Modern diode platforms use longer wavelengths and dynamic cooling; still, parameters are adjusted cautiously for higher Fitzpatrick types to minimize burn/hyperpigmentation risk.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles rich in proteins, lipids and signaling RNAs. When applied to the scalp after microneedling or injections, they may modulate inflammation and stimulate follicular signaling pathways. Evidence is emerging and protocols vary by clinic.

Best for early-to-moderate androgenetic alopecia or thinning. Many clinics plan 1–3 sessions spaced 4–8 weeks apart, often combined with minoxidil, LLLT or PRP. Visible changes generally take several months.

Side effects are usually mild scalp redness or tenderness. Infection or allergy is uncommon. The therapy is considered adjunct/experimental; regulatory status and product sourcing vary. A personalized plan and maintenance are required.

Medical history, expectations, examination and, when needed, imaging. Options, risks, benefits, alternatives, costs and recovery are discussed. Suitability and exact plan depend on anatomy, health and goals.

Choice of local, regional or general anesthesia depends on procedure and patient status. Accredited facilities, checklists, DVT prophylaxis and monitoring reduce risk.

Extent of dissection, technique, patient factors (age, smoking, diabetes) and adherence to aftercare. Scar maturation takes 6–12 months; silicone therapy, sun protection and follow-ups help quality.

Zirconia crowns offer high strength with tooth-colored aesthetics and no metal substructure. Indicated for posterior and anterior restorations when durability and appearance are desired. Compared with PFM, margins may be more biocompatible and avoid gray lines.

Preparation of the tooth, impression or digital scan, shade selection and provisional crown. Final crown is milled and sintered; cementation occurs at a subsequent visit. Many cases complete in 2 visits, more if adjustments are required.

Service life commonly exceeds 10 years with proper occlusion and hygiene. Risks include chipping of veneering porcelain and wear if bruxism is present—night guards may be advised. Regular check-ups and cleaning are essential.

Flap surgery to reduce deep pockets, regenerative procedures with membranes/grafts, crown lengthening for restorative needs and soft-tissue grafts to cover recession. Aim: eliminate infection niches and enable home care.

Local anesthesia is used; mild pain and swelling are expected for a few days. Sutures are removed in 7–14 days depending on the site. Soft diet, chlorhexidine rinses and avoiding smoking improve healing.

Bleeding, infection, tooth sensitivity and transient gum recession may occur. Long-term stability needs meticulous home care, regular cleanings and management of systemic factors like diabetes or smoking.

Medical ozone is a calibrated O3–O2 mixture applied locally (insufflation, topical gas, ozonated oils/water) as an adjunct for wound care, infections or dental procedures. It is not a primary treatment for systemic diseases.

Clinical evidence varies by indication and is still evolving. Ozone is a strong oxidant; dosing and delivery must be controlled to avoid irritation or oxidative injury. Inhalation of ozone gas is harmful and avoided.

Contraindications include G6PD deficiency, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, pregnancy for some applications and active hemorrhage. The therapy should be delivered by trained clinicians with appropriate equipment.

Risk stratification, education, nail and callus care, off-loading of pressure points, treatment of infections and ulcers, vascular assessment and referral when needed. Multidisciplinary coordination improves outcomes.

Daily inspection of feet, proper footwear with pressure redistribution, regular podiatry visits, glucose control and smoking cessation. Insoles or custom orthoses reduce shear and plantar pressures in high-risk feet.

Seek urgent evaluation for spreading redness, foul odor, fever, sudden swelling, new or deep ulcers, black discoloration or severe pain. Early treatment prevents progression and limb-threatening complications.

A clinician-led plan using evidence-based actives (retinoids, vitamin C, niacinamide, AHAs/BHAs), professional facials, peels or microdermabrasion when indicated, and daily photoprotection.

Routines are layered by tolerance: cleanse, treat (actives), moisturize, SPF. Introduce one active at a time. Texture and brightness may improve in weeks; acne or melasma often require 8–12 weeks or more.

Irritation, dryness or peeling with retinoids/acids; photosensitivity with AHAs/retinoids; temporary purging with some actives. Adjust frequency, buffer with moisturizer and use daily sunscreen.

Cellulite reflects fibrous septae tethering, subcutaneous fat architecture and skin quality. Options include mechanical massage, radiofrequency, lasers, injectable subcision or limited-duration collagenase where available.

Smoothing is typically modest-to-moderate and requires maintenance. Combining lifestyle measures (activity, nutrition, weight stability) with device-based treatments provides the most durable improvement.

Contraindications vary by technology (e.g., pregnancy for some RF/laser, anticoagulation for subcision). Side effects include temporary bruising, swelling or tenderness. A tailored plan selects the safest option.

Surgery to remove excess skin and, when needed, reposition or remove fat of upper and/or lower eyelids. Candidates have functional obstruction or cosmetic concerns and realistic expectations.

Usually under local with sedation or general anesthesia. Sutures are removed around day 5–7. Bruising/swelling improve within 1–2 weeks; final contour settles over months. Cold compresses and head elevation help.

Dry eye, asymmetry, transient lid malposition, infection or bleeding are possible. Pre-op assessment of tear film and ocular surface, conservative tissue removal and adherence to aftercare reduce complications.

Professional whitening, composite bonding, veneers (porcelain or composite), orthodontics with aligners or braces, and gum contouring. Planning aims to balance tooth proportion, color, symmetry and bite.

Photographs, digital scans, face-bow or bite records and mock-ups/wax-ups help preview outcomes. Minimally invasive options are prioritized; tooth preparation is conservative where possible.

Whitening may need periodic top-ups. Bonding and veneers last years but can chip or stain; night guards and hygiene extend longevity. Color-stable ceramics and careful maintenance improve durability.

Follicles are extracted (FUE) and implanted directly using implanter pens (Choi), allowing precise angulation and density without pre-made channels. It can suit crown refinement or hairline detail.

Candidates have stable hair loss and adequate donor density. Typical sessions place 1,500–3,000 grafts depending on area and goals. Planning balances density with donor preservation for future needs.

Crusting resolves in 7–10 days; shedding at weeks 3–6 is expected; regrowth starts around months 3–4 with final density by 9–12 months. Risks: folliculitis, shock loss, poor growth with smoking or improper aftercare.

Augmentation (implants or fat grafting), reduction and mastopexy (lift), alone or in combination. Candidacy depends on anatomy, symptoms and goals; a physical exam defines the safest plan.

Implants vary by fill (saline/silicone), shape and surface. Monitoring includes self-checks and imaging when indicated. Risks include capsular contracture, rupture and need for future revision.

Most return to desk work in ~1 week; heavy lifting and high-impact exercise are limited for several weeks. Support garments and incision care are important; swelling and settling continue for months.

Augmentation, reduction and mastopexy can be performed alone or combined. Suitability depends on anatomy, symptoms (e.g., back pain, rashes), plans for pregnancy/breastfeeding and personal goals.

Implants offer predictable volume; fat grafting uses your own tissue but resorption varies. Monitoring involves self-checks and imaging when indicated. Revisions may be needed over time.

Return to desk work in ~1–2 weeks; support garments are recommended for several weeks. Risks include bleeding, infection, asymmetry, changes in sensation and capsular contracture for implants.

Clinical trimming and debridement of nails and calluses, reduction of corns, management of ingrown nails, fissures and hyperkeratosis, and advice on footwear, orthoses and hygiene.

Every 6–8 weeks for many patients; more frequently if risk factors exist (diabetes, neuropathy, anticoagulation). Those with limited reach, vision issues or recurrent problems benefit from regular care.

Daily inspection, moisturizers for dry skin (avoid between toes), careful nail trimming straight across, well-fitted shoes with adequate toe box and cushioning; consider orthoses for pressure redistribution.